Recommendation

Revisiting ‘less is more’: A failure to replicate the association between increased knowing and decreased liking

ORCID_LOGO based on reviews by Philipp Schoenegger and Zoltan Kekecs
A recommendation of:

Does learning more about others impact liking them?: Replication and extension Registered Report of Norton et al. (2007)’s Lure of Ambiguity

Abstract

EN
AR
ES
FR
HI
JA
PT
RU
ZH-CN
Submission: posted 22 November 2024
Recommendation: posted 19 February 2025, validated 21 February 2025
Cite this recommendation as:
Yamada, Y. (2025) Revisiting ‘less is more’: A failure to replicate the association between increased knowing and decreased liking. Peer Community in Registered Reports, 100947. 10.24072/pci.rr.100947

This is a stage 2 based on:

Does learning more about others impact liking them?: Replication and extension Registered Report of Norton et al. (2007)’s Lure of Ambiguity
Zöe Horsham, Ashleigh Haydock-Symonds, Hirotaka Imada, Hiu Ching Tai, Wing Lam Lau, Tsz Lui Shum, Yuqing Zeng, Hiu Tang Chow, Gilad Feldman
https://osf.io/eygzp

Recommendation

Does knowing more about others necessarily lead to greater liking, or might it breed contempt, as suggested by Norton et al. (2007)? In the current study, Horsham et al. (2025) tried to replicate and extend that original question. Collecting data from a large sample of U.S. undergraduates and employing carefully revised designs reviewed at Stage 1, they replicated Norton et al.’s initial studies (1a, 1b, and 2) while also adding new measures. Their primary aim was to see if the “less is more” effect, where increased familiarity decreases liking, would hold under rigorous modern standards, including pre-registration and several open science practices.
 
Results indicated that people indeed believe they will like someone more if they know more about that person, replicating Norton et al.’s initial finding from Studies 1a and 1b. However, the association between greater knowledge and reduced liking, the core of the “less is more” claim, was not consistently observed. Instead, the data showed little evidence that accumulating information inevitably decreases liking. Moreover, an added examination of curiosity as a potential mediator revealed that although curiosity and liking are positively related, curiosity itself was not strongly contingent on the amount of knowledge participants had. These findings help clarify why previous literature has sometimes presented mixed outcomes, and they underline the distinction between what people predict will happen and what actually does happen in forming impressions of others.
 
Peer review involved thorough evaluations by experts. Following multiple revisions through Stages 1 and 2, the manuscript has been deemed a carefully executed Registered Report, providing transparent methods, open data, and full reproducibility. It adds nuance to discussions around how knowledge, familiarity, and curiosity jointly shape our interpersonal attitudes. On this basis, the recommender judged that the manuscript met the Stage 2 criteria and awarded a positive recommendation.​
 
URL to the preregistered Stage 1 protocol: https://osf.io/7mc4y
 
Level of bias control achieved: Level 6. No part of the data or evidence that was used to answer the research question was generated until after IPA.
 
List of eligible PCI RR-friendly journals:
 
 
References
 
1. Norton, M. I., Frost, J. H., & Ariely, D. (2007). Less is more: The lure of ambiguity, or why familiarity breeds contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.97
 
2. Horsham, Z., Haydock-Symonds, A., Imada, H., Tai, H. C., Lau, W. L., Shum, T. L., Zeng, Y., Chow, K., & Feldman, G. (2025). Does learning more about others impact liking them?: Replication and extension Registered Report of Norton et al. (2007)’s Lure of Ambiguity [Stage 2]. Acceptance of Version 6 by Peer Community in Registered Reports.​ https://osf.io/ygkft
Conflict of interest:
The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the article and the reviewers declared that they have no conflict of interest (as defined in the code of conduct of PCI) with the authors or with the content of the article.

Reviewed by ORCID_LOGO, 15 Feb 2025

I am grateful for the authors for their detailed and thorough responses. I am satisfied with the actions taken and have no more substantive feedback.

 

Reviewed by , 18 Feb 2025

All requested changes have been made, and I'm happy to accept the paper as it is!


Evaluation round #1

DOI or URL of the report: https://osf.io/wd2rp

Version of the report: 5

Author's Reply, 12 Feb 2025

Download author's reply Download tracked changes file

Revised manuscript: https://osf.io/ygkft

All revised materials uploaded to: https://osf.io/j6tqr/ , updated manuscript under sub-directory "PCIRR Stage 2\S2 submission following R&R"

Decision by ORCID_LOGO, posted 11 Dec 2024, validated 13 Dec 2024

We asked the two peer reviewers who worked on Stage 1 to review this manuscript again. As a result, both reviewers are positive about the content reported in Stage 2. Please consider the points raised by the reviewers and make revisions to the manuscript. We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Reviewed by ORCID_LOGO, 09 Dec 2024

This is a Stage 2 registered report. After the extensive review of the Stage 1 manuscript, there is little to add here. The report seems to be very well written, and the study conducted according to the protocol. This study is a gemstone of the reforms in our field, highlighting the best practices related to study registration, transparent reporting, and reproducibility via data and material sharing. The discussion is fair and extensive, not overreaching. Here are a few minor points that I think might improve the manuscript: 

-            It would be great to see a deviation report: a section describing the deviation from the preregistered protocol. If there were not deviations and the protocol was followed exactly, that should be written in the deviation report.

-            A note about missing data (or the lack thereof) would be useful.

-            “We conducted additional analyses and again found no indication for variations in liking depending on the number of traits presented.” – It would be good to present some more nuance here. I agree with the authors that the results do not support the less is more effect in a linear fashion, but they found a pairwise difference (4 traits more liked than 8) which was in the expected direction at least. I think it is worth an honorary mention, even though the results overall still don’t support the previous findings.

Reviewed by , 27 Nov 2024

As far as I can tell, the Stage 2 report does not deviate from the registered procedure (2C, 2D). The tracked-changes manuscript also shows that no earlier section of the paper was changed (2B). As the data were collected as planned, I think that they are perfectly able to test the hypotheses as preregistered (2A), with all major conclusions being being supported by the evidence (2E).

I have also downloaded the data and code from OSF and run it on my machine. I don’t primarily work in R, so apologies if this is mistaken, but I think the code as it stands now doesn’t properly install the medmod package from Github. However, after adding a few lines of code doing just that, the replication package runs perfectly otherwise. I then went ahead and did a spot check of a number of results from the paper: All results that I checked properly reproduced!

I don’t have any additional concerns about the paper, expert perhaps in the discussion section, where the following paragraph seems to make quite far-reaching conclusions that are not directly supported by the data (in fact they could not be, given the claims that are being made). I understand this is typically done in discussion sections but I’d suggest cutting this paragraph altogether, the paper would be stronger without it: “Correcting biases such as the person positivity bias and false consensus effect may be difficult, particularly if they are unconscious. However, provided that these biases do influence our attitudes and behaviors towards others, simply having an awareness of them may be helpful in avoiding the resulting cognitive dissonance and consequent avoidance behavior during early stages of impression formation. To this extent, knowledge of these biases may help foster more meaningful connections between dissimilar individuals, facilitating opportunities to bridge divides between social groups.”

Other than that, I want to congratulate the authors on a strong replication attempt, and I’m happy to accept the paper after a small set of minor revisions found below:

 


(Very) Minor points: 

In Table one, it should be ‘Signal - X’ and not ‘Signal- X’.

The ‘Holm method’ is named after a person (Sture Holm), so the ‘H’ should be capitalised.

The name Zöe is spelled both Zöe and Zoe at different parts of the paper.

In the CRediT table, Ashleigh’s last name is not present while it is present for all other authors.

“We found no indication of order effects, and reported” should be “and report”

It should be “PhD students at the University of Kent”, not “at University of Kent”

“Consequently, our findings challenged” should be “challenge”

“supported previous research suggesting” should be “support”

“extending on their research” doesn’t quite work, it should be either “extending their research” or “building on their research”

“(n = 153; χ(1) = 305.9, p < .001, h = .67 95% CI [0.57, 0.76]).” Is missing a comma prior to “95%”

“Since we found no support for the effect on perceived similarity, we therefore concluded no support for dissimilarity cascades in impression formation” is a bit ungrammatical, it could be rephrases as either “we therefore concluded ‘no support’” or something like “we therefore concluded that there was no support”.

At several places throughout the paper, you use “Norton et al ‘s” when it should be “Norton et al’s”.

“lower levels of liking(Study 2).” has a space missing prior to (Study 2).

“Interestingly, an identical effect was found for liking, whereby liking increased between traits one and five, but plateaued from the fifth trait onwards” This is one of the few (or the only) passive constructions in the paper, I suggest making it active, i.e., “we found an identical effect for liking”.

“We found the same for each comparison (1 vs. 2 traits, 2 vs. 4 traits, 3 vs. 6 traits, 4 vs. 8 traits and 5 vs 10. traits; χs > 25.6 , ps < .001).” should be “vs.”, not “vs”.

LeBel et al. is referred to as both (2018) and (2019), with the correct citation being (2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2515245918787489.

“Study 2: Perceived similarity and linking by condition” should be “liking by condition”, I assume.

In Table 1, “0.14 [-0.03,0.30]” is missing a space.

“We found that more people thought they like a person more the more they know more about them” should be “would like” or some similar construction.

“; t(329.4) = 1.67, p = .097, d = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.03,0.30]).” is again missing a space at the very end.

“https://doi/org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.75” does not work

“Zhu, M., & Feldman. G. (2023). Revisiting the links between numeracy and decision making: Replication Registered Report of Peters et al. (2006) with an extension examining confidence. Collabra: Psychology, 9(1), 77608. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77608 “ there should be no period after “Feldman”.

User comments

No user comments yet